Here are the answers to last Friday’s video, enjoy!
Suggested ICAO level for video: 5+
It had to be easily understood by all pilots and ground staff.
It wasn’t chosen because it was used in normal conversations which weren’t emergencies.
When selecting the word to use, the English and French languages were thought about.
It should be repeated three times to avoid confusion with somebody relaying a mayday call (but not in an emergency themselves) and confusion with other similar sounding words.
In that case, pilots should use the expression ‘pan-pan’, again repeated three times to avoid confusion.
It doesn’t mean anything, it was chosen due to its unmistakable character.
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In ‘Present perfect 1’ (click here), we talked about a specific situation where you can use the present perfect, to ask ‘have you ever …?’ questions. This time we want to talk about positive statements and also to compare the present perfect with the past simple.
To compare these two tenses it’s necessary to think about two time references: finished time and unfinished time.
When we think about the time reference ‘yesterday’, it’s clear that ‘yesterday’ is finished. Similarly, ‘last week’, ‘last month’ and ‘last year’ are also finished.
Tip: With ‘finished time’ references use the past simple.
In contrast to that, with ‘unfinished time’ references such as ‘this week’, ‘this year’, ‘this month’ etc… it’s clear that they aren’t finished.
Tip: With ‘unfinished time’ references use use the present perfect.
In some situations the time of day will determine if you should use the past simple or present perfect. In the morning for example the time reference ‘this morning’ is unfinished so you use the present perfect with it.
In the afternoon the time reference ‘this morning’ is finished so you should use the past simple in that situation. Check out the diagram below for more information, write some examples of your own and read them out loud to help you remember them.
How to use the present perfect 2.
Tip: Understanding the difference between ‘finished time references’ and ‘unfinished time references’ will help you a lot to use the present perfect correctly.
Very often we begin with a present perfect sentence and then use the past simple, then maybe the present simple and then something else. We don’t use the present perfect in isolation, we use it with other common tenses.
Let’s imagine you are talking to a friend on Wednesday.
Oh man…I’ve flown a lot this week (unfinished time). I flew ten hours on Monday (finished time) and twelve hours on Tuesday (finished time) and now I’m really tired.
As we can see in the example above, we use a mix of tenses together to talk about different time references.
Tip: In these situations you need to know your time reference before you select your verb and tense even though the time reference is usually at the end of the sentence.
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Here are the answers to last Friday’s video, enjoy!
Suggested ICAO level for video: 4+
You use the heading and drop the final number of the three digits.
In this situation the number is rounded up or down to the nearest 10. So 164 becomes 160.
In the US, it would be runway ‘6’.
The letters ‘l’ for left, ‘r’ for right and ‘c’ for centre are used to distinguish parallel runways.
They indicate how wide the runway is.
Aiming point markers give pilots an idea of where they should be touching down on the runway.
Planes are allowed to use the displaced threshold for a takeoff run or to taxi, while they aren’t allowed to use a blast pad / overrun area unless it’s an emergency.
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This video looks at and explains the most common runway markings that you will see on a paved runway, aimed at helping new pilots and flight simmers improve their understanding of an airport.
This time in our structure help we continue to talk about conditional sentences. This time we’re talking about the third conditional. Similar to the zero, first and second conditionals, it has two parts, an ‘if’ part and the ‘other part’. You can change the order of these two parts without changing the meaning of the sentence. In the third conditional, the ‘if part’ relates to the ‘unreal past’, a past situation that didn’t occur. If you want to talk about a ‘real situation’, which is common, use the past simple. For unreal situations, and their imagined results, we use the third conditional. Check out the diagram below for more information and examples, then try to write some sentences of your own.
Third conditional
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